What is Melanoma skin cancer?

Melanoma examination

Ask someone to check your mole for you

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that can spread to other parts of the body. It develops when cells known as melanocytes, which give skin its colour, grow uncontrollably. Though less common than some other types of skin cancer, melanoma can be more serious because of its ability to spread.

The main cause of melanoma is ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun or sunbeds. While anyone can develop melanoma, some factors increase your risk. These include having pale skin, a large number of moles or freckles, a family history of skin cancer, and a history of sunburn or heavy sun exposure.

Symptoms of Melanoma

Large brown melanoma

Contact your GP if
a mole changes in size, shape, or colour

Melanoma often begins as a new mole or a change in an existing mole. Common signs to watch out for include:

  • A mole with an uneven shape or edges
  • A mole with multiple colours
  • A mole larger than 6mm
  • A mole that changes over time
  • Moles that are itchy, sore, bleeding, crusty, or inflamed

Melanomas can appear anywhere on the body, but they’re more common in sun-exposed areas. On black or brown skin, melanoma is more likely to appear on the soles of the feet, palms of the hands, or under a nail.

Regular skin checks are important. Use a mirror or ask someone to help you check areas you can’t see easily.

When to see a GP

Measuring a mole

Seek advice from your GP if your mole increases in size to over 6mm

Contact your GP if:

  • A mole changes in size, shape, or colour
  • You develop a new or unusual mark that doesn’t fade
  • A mole becomes painful, itchy, crusty, or starts to bleed
  • You notice a dark patch under a nail without an obvious cause

Early detection makes melanoma easier to treat.

Melanoma diagnosis

If your GP is concerned, they may refer you to a dermatologist. You might be asked about symptoms and family medical history. A photo of the mole may be taken and sent to a specialist (teledermatology).

You may need an excision biopsy, where the mole and a small area of surrounding skin are removed and sent to a lab for analysis. Results are typically available within two weeks.

Melanoma treatment

Treatment depends on the melanoma’s stage, location, and your general health. The main treatment is surgery to remove the melanoma. Other treatments may include:

  • Radiotherapy  –  to reduce tumour size and manage symptoms
  • Immunotherapy or targeted medicines – to help the immune system fight the cancer or stop it from growing
  • Chemotherapy – occasionally used for advanced melanoma if other treatments aren’t suitable

 

When cancer treatment comes to an end, the weeks and months that follow can be far from straightforward. Many people who have experienced cancer can feel isolated, and struggle with low mood or anxiety, finding it hard to deal with what they have been through.

Our three free Cancer Coach services might be just what you need. Choose from: Cancer Coach peer group support (online and over the phone), Cancer Coach digital and Cancer Coach Focus Forwards (both online).  Apply to join Cancer Coach.

If melanoma cannot be cured, treatment will focus on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. A palliative care team can provide support at this stage.

Living with Melanoma

Being diagnosed with melanoma can be overwhelming. You’ll be supported by a team that includes a clinical nurse specialist, who will be your key contact throughout diagnosis and treatment. They can answer questions and help you access emotional and practical support.

Reducing your risk

Protecting your skin from UV damage is the most effective way to lower your risk of melanoma:

  • Stay out of the sun during peak hours (11am to 3pm)
  • Wear protective clothing, a wide-brimmed hat, and sunglasses
  • Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen (SPF 30+ with 4-star UVA protection) and reapply regularly
  • Avoid sunbeds
  • Protect children’s skin, as it is more sensitive than adult skin

Support and further information

There are organisations that offer guidance, helplines, and support groups for people affected by melanoma:

Your clinical team can also guide you to local services and support networks tailored to your needs.

Note: This page is for general information only and not a substitute for professional medical advice. If you’re concerned about a mole or skin change, speak to a healthcare professional.